VisionIAS - Video Classroom Lecture

Society Class

THE CLASS STARTED WITH A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS TOPICS (04:34 PM)

MIGRATION (04:34 PM)

It is referred to as spatial mobility from one geographical unit to another, which involves a change in residence for a considerable period.
Definition:
According to Census 2011, Migrants are defined as those individuals whose place of residence is different from their place of birth or place of last residence.
Types of Migration:
a) On the basis of duration:
1) Permanent:
When people are migrating for a very long period without any intention of coming back.
2) Semi-permanent:
When people are migrating for a very long period without any intention of coming back but due to lack of employment, High cost of living, and decline in standard of living people are forced to come back to the source region is called 'semi-permanent migration'
3) Temporary:
In the source areas, job opportunities are not available all year round.
There exists a lean season, in which people move to destination areas for different employment opportunities.
However, once the period is over, they voluntarily come back to the source region called 'Temporary/Seasonal/Circular migration'
Capturing the data of seasonal migrants has been a challenging issue however Economic Survey 2017 did mention that there are approximately 139 Million seasonal migrants.
b) On the basis of destination:
Internal/domestic:
Rural-Rural (62%)
Rural-Urban (20%) (Known as Urbanization)
Urban-Urban (13%)
Urban-Rural (5%)(Referred as De Urbanization)
Statistics:
According to Census 2011, 450 Million internal migrants.
37% of total population = Migrants.
68% of migrants are women (Feminization of Migration)
According to the Migration in India Report, Between July 2020 to June 2021, there was a 28.9% Migrant population among which 47.9% of female migrants
The report mentions temporary visitors who constitute 0.7% of India's population and are defined as those who arrive in the household after March 2020 and stay for more than 15 days but less than six months.
The main source region for migration in India is Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, etc.
The main destination regions are Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, etc.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION (4:47 PM)

1) Economic causes behind Migration:
Pull Factor
Globalization:
Globalization can act as a significant pull factor for migration due to various factors and opportunities it presents. Some ways in which globalization contributes to the attractiveness of migration are Economic Opportunities, Labour Demand, etc.
Urbanization + Industrialization:
Urbanization and industrialization can act as significant pull factors for migration due to the opportunities and advantages they offer.
Urbanization and industrialization contribute to the attractiveness of migration through Access to Services and Infrastructure, Educational and Skill Enhancement, etc.
Commercialization of Agriculture:
The impact of commercialization of agriculture on migration can vary depending on various factors, including local labour market dynamics, agricultural policies, and the availability of support structures for migrant workers.
Access to better Infrastructure
Opportunity for improving the standard of living.
Push Factor:
Agricultural Distress
Lack of alternative employment opportunities.
Low remunerative nature of agriculture
Lack of basic infrastructure for health, education, and skill
Pull Back:
Development of opportunity in source areas due to government interventions.
Or Development of counter Magnets.
The development of counter magnets refers to the intentional establishment and promotion of alternative urban centres or growth centres away from large cities.
These counter magnets are designed to attract economic activities, infrastructure development, and population growth, with the aim of reducing the concentration of population and resources in major cities.
For Example: Gurugram, Noida, near Delhi
Push Back:
Overcrowding, Congestion
Lack of adequate employment opportunities.
Poor quality of life.
High cost of accessing health infrastructure.
2) Socio-cultural causes behind Migration:
Pull Factors:
Good Governance:
Good governance can act as a pull factor for migration by creating an environment that attracts individuals seeking stability, opportunity, and a higher quality of life.
Political freedom :
Political freedom can act as a significant pull factor for migration as individuals often seek environments that provide them with greater political stability, Protection from Political Persecution, and democratic governance.
Safety and security:
Safety and security act as strong pull factors for migration as individuals seek environments that offer protection, stability, and a reduced risk of harm.
Increased opportunities for political participation and association.
Push factors:
Lack of proper governmental policies.
Lack of opportunities for political participation.
State-led persecution
Pull back Factor:
Changes in political factors.
If the people think that the party they wanted has come into power then they are likely to migrate to the source place.
Push back Factor:
Son of soil theory.
The son of the soil theory, also known as nativism, can act as a push-back factor against migration by promoting the idea that certain rights, privileges, or opportunities should be reserved exclusively for individuals who are considered indigenous or native to a particular region.

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION (4:57 PM)

A) Consequences for source region:
Change in demography.
Brain drain.
Feminization of the workforce.
Ghost hamlets.
Economic aspects:
Loss of Human resources, if it draws upon both genders then it is a win-win situation
Benefits of remittances.
It provides opportunities for the government to invest resources for the development of reduced population.
Demographic:
Migration changes the demography of the region especially if it is male-specific out migration.
For Example, A decline in birth rate, increase in dependent population, feminization of the workforce, and increased incidences of child labour.
Socio-cultural Impacts:
Migration acts as an agent of sociocultural change.
For Example, the Diffusion of new ideas such as family planning, the importance of girl education, and the use of technology, can bring about significant change in source areas.
The absence of male members for a long period might increase violence against women in the family.
Disintegration of joint family.
Political aspects:
Due to reduced population although it creates potential for efficient service delivery.
Broadening of mental horizon increases social tolerance and promotes unity.
Migrants are perceived to take away the jobs of locals and compete for scarce resources which gives rise to feelings of relative deprivation, which will lead to increased incidents of crime.
Other Impacts:
Limited resources + High cost of living can lead to slum proliferation.
It creates grounds for politics of nativism or son of the soil.
Skewed sex ratio.
Failure of state administration in service delivery due to an overall increase in population.
Intercommunity conflicts will also increase.
B) Consequences for Destination region:
Due to increased cultural diversity, society has become more accommodating.
Burden on the resources can influence the conflicts.
Chances of development of Ethnonationalism.
Emergence of Cosmopolitan culture.
Increase in slums and rise in informal works.
C) Impact on Migrants:
a) Positive Impacts:
Strengthen social capital.
Increase in social tolerance
Opportunity for Social Mobility.
Open to innovation.
b) Negative Impacts:
Migrants are often reduced to being victims of identity politics.
There exists a situation where the person cannot adapt to the lifestyle of the destination area nor completely detach from the traditional value system, so it creates conflicts with respect to cultural identity.
Migrants may become victims to the way of westernization, which may lead to the Sanskritization of an unstainable lifestyle.
Devoid of skills, information, and bargaining powers migrants are often caught in exploitative labour arrangements.
Lack of social security benefits, lack of minimum wages, poor working conditions, etc.
There exists a constant threat of displacement, eviction, and poor health.
Lack of proper identification and documentation creates ground for political exclusion.
According to Census 2011, 57.8 Female and 27.8 male migrants are illiterate and,
Almost 80% of the children of the seasonal migrants do not have access to education and 40% of them have experienced abuse, hardship further magnifies with a crossing of the state boundaries.
There exists the problem of intergenerational transmission of poverty.
In the absence of credible data, migrants always remain out of the bounds of government and civil society.
Due to the above points we observe that the migrants are also subject to social political and economic exclusion, hence they might be termed as ghost citizens.

WAY FORWARD (5:22 PM)

To mainstream the concerns of the migrants while making national developmental plans.
Priorities to the implementation of existing laws.
Sensitization and training of the policymakers, local government officials, employers, etc. regarding the obstacles faced by the migrants in accessing the services.
Revise the design of Census and surveys to collect sex and age disaggregated data of the migrants.
Creation of separate migrant labour cells in every state Labour department.
Conduct a detailed nationwide mapping of internal migration.
Encourage the state-level research institutes to develop the state migration profile.
Encourage or develop the capacity of the panchayats to maintain the database of migrant workers.
Create inter-district and interstate coordination committees to jointly plan institutional arrangements for effective service delivery.
Development of source areas to prevent rapid and skewed migration.

POPULATION POLICY (05:35 PM)

Concept:
It is defined as purposeful measures with an aim to affect the demographic processes. (Fertility, mortality, Migration)
Types:
a) Anti-natal:
It deals with controlling the Birth rate so as to stabilize the population.
b) Distributional:
Aims to check the concentration of the population.

EVOLUTION OF POPULATION POLICY (05:45 PM)

a) Pre-independence:
The policy of indifference.
R K Mukherjee committee:
It prescribes self-control along with self and cheap birth control measures opening birth control clinics and increasing the age of marriage.
Bhore Committee:
It talks about purposeful intervention.
b) Post -Independence:
1947-51:
Period of neutrality
Although the leaders wanted to control the population growth there were other issues confronting the polity and governance of India such as the Kashmir issue.
1951-61:
Period of Experimentation.
First Family Planning Programme,1952.
Clinical approach- The government will not be involved in awareness generation but the services will be provided to those couples who are motivated to visit family planning centers set up by the government.
1961-71:
Extension Approach: To educate people with respect to the benefits of small families, different family planning methods available, etc.
Cafeteria Approach: The government will provide various options for family planning but the ultimate choice will be given to the people to opt for any one of them.
Selective Approach: They decided to selectively target couples in the age bracket of 25-35 to make family planning a success. However, 1971 census, the decadal growth rate was 24.6% so we introduced the National Population Policy.
First Population Policy:
Renaming 'Family Planning' to 'Family Welfare'
Increasing the minimum age of marriage to 18 and 21 for girls and boys respectively.
Voluntary sterilization.
Monetary incentives for sterilization.
Use of Media to spread awareness, including population education as part of the study curriculum.
Thrust towards research in reproductive biology and contraception.
Population Education:
It is the process by which the students investigate and explore:
a) meaning of the population
b) Statistics
c) characteristics.
d) Causes of population changes.
e) Consequences for individuals, families, and society in the world.
Objectives of population education:
To develop an understanding of the following:
a) Various demographic concepts and processes.
b) The rapid growth of population and causes.
c) Close interaction between population growth and development
d) Negative impact on the individuals as well as the environment.
e) Appreciation of the fact that small families are desirable and the size of a small family is a matter of choice.
f) Awareness with respect to population policy and schemes empowering the learners to make informed choices regarding reproductive health.
g) How the individual's decision with respect to family planning can have an impact on others.
Population education was incorporated under the National Education Policy of 1986.
The following initiatives were taken by the Government to promote population education:
The National Population Education Project was launched in 1980 to institutionalize population education in the existing system.
Adolescent and Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) Programme was launched.
At the higher education level, Financial support was provided to colleges to organize the population's education through population education clubs.
In 1986, a Lecture series was introduced on population education.
With respect to the recent National Education policy, 2020 under the curriculum for adult education, there is a provision for family welfare and planning.

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 (06:27 PM)

It was introduced with the objective of socio and economic development to improve the quality of life and to provide people with the opportunity to become productive assets in society.
It had three-fold targets:
a) Immediate target:
To meet the unmet needs of contraceptives, workforce, and infrastructure to ensure integrated service delivery with respect to RCH.
b) Mid Term Target:
To reduce TFR=2.1 by 2010.
c) Long Term Target:
To stabilize the population by 2045.
In 1993, M.S.Swaminathan submitted a report which said, He discouraged monetary incentives. He was not in support of tubectomy, He also believes that, In society, one can not put the entire onus of family planning on women. He emphasized democratic and decentralized interventions with respect to population control, hence the challenging one-size-fits-all approach.
Need for the New Population Policy:
Due to a lack of success on parameters such as IMR, MMR, etc. we need population policy.

Reasons for high IMR and CMR:
High fertility rate leading to maternal depletion syndrome.
Lack of Safe (WASH) Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.
Lack of qualitative medical infrastructure.
Lack of awareness and affordability of various tests during the ante-natal period which results in birth defects and child mortality.
Lack of proper medical equipment along with the presence of Quaks, etc.
Poverty, illiteracy, and failure of government to implement policies and provisions.
Patriarchal system which denies women access to contraceptives, safe and legal abortions, freedom to decide timing and spacing of pregnancy, lack of access to proper sanitation and awareness about menstrual health.
Unsafe abortions due to stigma related to unwed pregnancies.

Although the sex ratio has improved but at birth, it remains a challenge.
The pace at which migration is happening and creating stress on infrastructure and social relationships we need a policy to address this.
Policy should be designed with the intention to reap the benefits of 'longevity dividends'
In Conclusion, A population policy should address the above challenges and a piecemeal engineering approach needs to be adopted.
Discuss the main objectives of population education and point out the measures to achieve them in India. (10 Marks)
What do you mean by population policy? Discuss what should be the nature of the new policy (150 Words/10 Marks)

TOPIC FOR THE NEXT CLASS: URBANIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION.