Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccination
January marks Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, emphasizing the importance of screening for cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer among Indian women. The disease primarily stems from the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), responsible for 99.7% of cervical cancers globally.
HPV Vaccine: Prevention and Availability
- The HPV vaccine is the most effective preventive measure, stimulating immune responses to neutralize the virus.
- In India, the vaccine requires a prescription, despite recommendations for inclusion in the national immunization program by the National Technical Advisory Group for Immunisation (NTAGI).
- Some states like Punjab and Sikkim have incorporated the vaccine into their programs.
Vaccine Recommendations and Efficacy
- Recommended for girls aged 9–14 and children aged 12 to 13 years.
- Effective in preventing over 90% of cancers associated with HPV.
- Safe for immunocompromised individuals or those with HIV, with common side effects being mild fever and injection-site reactions.
- Approved vaccines in India include Gardasil, Cervarix, and Cervavac.
Prevalence and Incidence of Cervical Cancer
- 3rd most common cancer in India, with an incidence rate of 18.3% and mortality rate of 9.1% according to GLOBOCAN 2020.
- Highest incidence rate in Asia in Papumpare district, Arunachal Pradesh.
- Majority of cases diagnosed at advanced stages.
Challenges and Cost
- High costs and cultural perceptions impact vaccine uptake.
- Gardasil 9 costs ₹10,850 per dose; Cervavac, an Indian vaccine, costs ₹2,000 per dose.
Global Efforts and Recommendations
The World Health Organization and other global entities have committed significant funding ($600 million) to eliminate cervical cancer. Vaccination, coupled with screening and treatment, forms the path to eradication, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
