Urban Biodiversity and Its Importance
Biodiversity, crucial for human well-being, a healthy planet, and economic prosperity, is under threat, with about 25% of species facing extinction. The theme for the International Day for Biological Diversity is "Harmony with nature and sustainable development".
The Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
- The GBF was developed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) with four goals and 23 targets for biodiversity conservation by 2030.
- Target 12 emphasizes enhancing green and blue spaces in urban areas for human well-being and biodiversity conservation.
- Goal 11 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals highlights making cities safe, resilient, and sustainable.
Benefits of Urban Biodiversity
- Health Benefits:
- Provides food, fibre, and water.
- Minimizes urban heat island effects and aids in flood control.
- Controls temperature, pollution, water conservation, and carbon sequestration.
- Tree lines of 10 meters can reduce noise pollution by 5 decibels.
- Economic Benefits:
- Theodore Endreny estimates annual services of urban trees at $9,67,000 per square kilometre.
- Promoting green infrastructure is key to enhancing community health and well-being.
Challenges and Actions for Urban Biodiversity
- The Forest Survey of India reports average forest cover in urban areas is only 10.26% of their geographical area.
- Urban planners are encouraged to develop and protect green spaces, enhancing native biodiversity and ecological connectivity.
- UN Habitat's 3-30-300 rule:
- Every home should have a view of three established trees.
- Neighborhoods should have at least 30% tree canopy cover.
- Public green space of 0.5 to 1.0 hectares should be within a 300-meter walk.
- City biodiversity index assesses the extent of native biodiversity, ecosystem services, and governance levels.
Case Study: Chennai's Biodiversity Efforts
- The greening of Chennai Koyambedu market led to the regeneration of 141 plant species and attracted diverse bird and butterfly species.
- A strategy was prepared for planting one million native trees in Chennai over five years.
- Urban development threatens water bodies; initiatives like transforming Madras Race Club land into a lake are underway for groundwater augmentation.
- Legal protection for remaining lakes and water bodies is essential.
Recommendations for Enhancing Urban Biodiversity
- Mandate the planting of trees for new construction projects in urban areas.
- Promote roof and kitchen gardens to enhance urban biodiversity and public health.
- Enforce legal actions against those harming greenery and polluting water bodies.
Conclusion
City managers must integrate biodiversity considerations in urban planning decisions. Involvement of stakeholders like resident welfare associations, NGOs, and corporates is crucial to make biodiversity conservation a mass movement.