Challenges Faced by Rubber Plantations in Kerala
Rubber plantations in Kerala are under threat from a beetle-fungus alliance that attacks the trees, leading to severe leaf fall and drying. The parasite involved is identified as the ambrosia beetle (Euplatypus parallelus).
Ambrosia Beetle and Fungus Association
- Researchers identified a mutualistic relationship between the beetle and two fungal species: Fusarium ambrosia and Fusarium solani.
- The beetles, native to Central and South America, were first reported in India in 2012 in Goa.
- The beetles attack stressed trees that release ethanol, a compound they can detect.
Impact on Rubber Trees
- Causes severe leaf fall and trunk drying, reducing latex production and causing economic losses.
- The fungi release enzymes that weaken wood, allowing deeper beetle penetration.
Management and Control Measures
- Use of antifungal agents and removal of infected tree parts.
- Preventive measures include traps for ambrosia beetles and chipping away affected parts.
Broader Ecological and Economic Threats
- Invasive beetle species pose a threat to horticulture and silviculture globally.
- Potential association with other pathogenic fungi increases risks for plantations and ecosystems.
- Fusaria fungi are opportunistic pathogens, posing health risks to humans and animals.
Recommendations
- Need for action plans to prevent further attacks and manage infections.
- Recommendations include sustainable treatments like antagonistic fungi and microbial consortia.
- Management strategies should be tailored to the geographic location of the plantations.
India's significant role as a rubber producer, with Kerala being a key cultivation area, underscores the importance of addressing these challenges effectively.
