Exploration Contract in the Carlsberg Ridge
The Carlsberg Ridge is a significant 3,00,000-sq km area located in the Indian Ocean, specifically in the Arabian Sea and northwest Indian Ocean. It delineates the boundary between the Indian and Arabian tectonic plates.
India's Exploration Contract
- India has secured an exploration contract from the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to explore polymetallic sulphur nodules.
- The nodules are rich in manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper.
- The agreement was signed in Delhi on September 15, 2025.
Global Context
- This is the first global license granted for exploring these nodules.
- To explore areas deemed as 'high seas,' countries must obtain permission from the ISA.
- Nineteen countries currently hold exploration rights.
India's Application and Rights
- India applied for exploration rights in January 2024 for two regions in the Indian Ocean.
- The Carlsberg Ridge application was approved, but the Afanasy-Nikitin Sea (ANS) mount application is pending due to Sri Lanka's claim.
- India previously had exploration rights in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and the Indian Ocean Ridge. These are set to expire in 2027 and 2031, respectively.
Controversy and Strategic Importance
- Exploiting the deep ocean for mining is controversial due to potential environmental impacts.
- Despite the high costs, countries seek exploration rights for strategic reasons, including blocking competitors like China.
- Securing these rights ensures resources are not claimed by others.