Stubble Burning and Air Pollution in India

The Supreme Court of India has explored the potential prosecution of farmers involved in stubble burning, a significant contributor to air pollution, especially in regions like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana during the months of October and November.

Causes of Air Pollution

• Stubble burning contributes to toxic particulate matter emissions.
• Other sources include vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and garbage burning.
• Adverse meteorological conditions exacerbate the situation by trapping emissions.

Efforts to Address Pollution

The Centre's efforts to curb pollution have been inadequate despite understanding the causes and solutions.

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

The CAQM was established to manage air quality across states but has struggled to act independently due to political pressures.

• Example: Delay in banning 'end-of-life' vehicles due to public and political outcry.
• The CAQM has not effectively addressed stubble burning due to challenges such as recalcitrant farmers and limited enforcement.

Issues with Enforcement

• Punjab's claims of reduced farm fires have been disputed.
• Lack of transparency and political pressures hinder effective solutions.

Recommendations

• Create incentives for compliance and enforce existing laws.
• Be transparent about realistic goals and achievements.
• Consider alternatives to punitive measures against farmers, such as jailing.