Importance and Challenges of Wetlands

Wetlands, despite their numerous benefits and services, are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. They are crucial to both ecological balance and cultural heritage, as highlighted by the theme of World Wetlands Day 2026, 'Wetlands and traditional knowledge: Celebrating cultural heritage'.

Traditional Practices and Cultural Heritage

• Tamil Nadu: Ancient water management through human-made tanks or kulams supports agriculture and community livelihoods.
• Kerala: Shallow wells known as kenis provide drinking water and support local rituals.
• Andhra Pradesh: Wetlands sustain traditional fishing practices.

Threats to Wetlands

• Encroachment and land conversion have resulted in the loss of 40% of India's natural wetlands.
• Ecological degradation is evident in 50% of the remaining wetlands.
• Pollution from untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff leads to eutrophication and biodiversity collapse.
• Development pressures and climate change impact coastal wetlands, such as mangroves and lagoons.
• Capacity constraints in wetland management bodies lead to weak implementation of conservation plans.

Conservation Efforts and Strategies

• Policy Framework: The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 provide guidelines for wetland identification and management.
• Ramsar Designation: India has 98 Ramsar sites, which help in global recognition and conservation responsibilities.
• Integrated Management: Strategies include mapping, protection, restoration, and monitoring of wetlands.
• Capacity Building: A national mission for wetland managers is necessary for skill development in hydrology, ecology, and community governance.
• Community Involvement: Emphasizing traditional knowledge and participatory management planning.

Proposed Initiatives for Improvement

• Establish clear wetland boundaries with public access to maps and participatory ground-truthing.
• Ensure treated wastewater inflows to urban wetlands.
• Protect wetland catchments and restore hydrological connectivity.
• Utilize wetlands as infrastructure for disaster risk reduction.
• Promote research, education, and capacity building for future wetland managers.

The future of India's water and resilience heavily relies on effective wetland management, integrating modern tools with traditional wisdom. A concerted effort from governments, industries, educational institutions, and citizens is essential to restore and maintain these vital ecosystems.