Modernisation of Economy and Society

The modernisation of India's economy and society are interconnected, yet they proceed at different paces. Despite four decades of economic growth, social modernisation is hindered by caste-based discrimination and limited employment opportunities for low-income citizens.

Social Inequality and Caste System

• Caste Hierarchy: Traditional Indian society is rooted in a caste hierarchy, formalised during British rule, with caste-based occupations and restrictions on inter-caste marriages.
• Dalits and Adivasis: These groups, making up about 25% of the population, are at the bottom of the hierarchy and face significant discrimination.
• Untouchability: Rejection of untouchability became part of the freedom movement, yet social separation persists with only 5-6% of marriages being inter-caste.

Marriage and Social Connectivity

The limited success of initiatives like the Dr Ambedkar Scheme indicates the dominance of within-caste marriages. Inter-caste marriages primarily occur among the top three castes, driven by economic equality.

• Integration of Scheduled Castes requires improved economic and educational status.
• Occupation-based separation persists, with Scheduled Castes commonly in menial jobs and Adivasis isolated from the mainstream economy.

Challenges and Constitutional Provisions

Eliminating adverse treatment of Dalits and Adivasis is crucial to comply with constitutional provisions, yet discrimination persists. Income and employment disparities are evident:

• Income Disparities: SC/ST monthly consumption is 7-20% below the national average; SC/ST workers earn significantly less than their counterparts.
• Employment Disparities: Regular employment is less common among Adivasis and Scheduled Castes compared to higher castes.

Strategies for Equality

To modernise society and eliminate caste inequalities, India must focus on:

• Ensuring equal access to quality jobs and higher education.
• Supporting startups and skill development among lower castes and Adivasis.
• Continuing caste-linked reservations for a defined period.

Despite measures, caste discrimination persists in institutions, highlighted by tragic incidents like the suicides of Rohith Vemula and Payal Tadvi. Anti-discrimination regulations in universities are crucial.

Informal Employment and Worker Rights

Informal employment is prevalent, with only 21.7% of workers receiving regular wages/salaries. Many lack job contracts, paid leave, and social security benefits.

Addressing this shortfall is essential for India's goal to become a developed economy by 2047. Improving education, skill development, and job creation are vital for growth and social development.

Path to Social Equality

True societal modernisation and caste equality require increased inter-caste marriages, driven by improved education and economic opportunities for the underprivileged. These personal views suggest a roadmap for societal change, emphasizing the importance of education and employment in achieving social equality.