India ranks first in the world in terms of acreage under cultivation and second in both cotton production and consumption.
- India’s cotton production is estimated at 290.91 lakh bales in 2025-26, while domestic consumption stands at 328 lakh bales.
- It contributes nearly 19% of global fibre production.
- In 2024-25, India accounted for around 3.37% of global cotton exports – USD 11.49 billion in value terms.
- India is the only country cultivating all four recognised cotton species — G. Arboreum & G. Herbaceum (Asian), G. Barbadense (Egyptian or Sea Island or Peruvian), and G. Hirsutum (American or Upland).
Cotton Crop
- Cotton, a Kharif crop and a semi-xerophyte, is grown in tropical and subtropical conditions.
- Optimum Conditions: 21–27°C temperature with requirement of at least 210 frost-free days and 50-100 cm rainfall.
- Soil: Well-drained black (regur) or alluvial soils.
- Cultivation Region: Spread across 9 major states in 3 agro-ecological zones - Northern Zone (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan), Central Zone (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh), and Southern Zone (Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka).
Challenges Associated with Cotton Sector
- Low Productivity: Yields remain below the global average due to irregular rainfall, droughts and dependence on 67% rain-fed cultivation.
- Pest Infestation: Pink bollworm and other pests continue to reduce productivity and increase cultivation costs.
- Market & Income Risks: Price volatility and inadequate market infrastructure affects farmers' incomes.
- Quality Constraints: Limited production of Extra Long Staple (ELS) cotton and inconsistent fibre quality reduce export competitiveness.
