Background of the 1965 India-Pakistan War

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh mentioned that after the 1965 war with Pakistan, strategic advantages gained on the battlefield could have been converted into diplomatic wins to curb cross-border infiltration. The war saw significant engagements, such as Indian forces successfully unfurling the Tricolour at Haji Pir. However, these gains were later returned during negotiations.

The Importance of Haji Pir

• Haji Pir Pass is a strategic mountain pass located at 8,661 ft on the western fringe of the Pir Panjal range, providing a geographical advantage for Pakistan.
• It acts as a key route for infiltration into Kashmir, making it crucial for India's military strategy to control this pass.

The Infiltration Problem in Jammu and Kashmir

• The Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan is 740 km long, with 540 km running through Jammu and Kashmir.
• Despite fencing and heightened security, militants manage to infiltrate due to natural gaps like nullahs and dense forests.

Operation Gibraltar

In August 1965, Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar, infiltrating Kashmir disguised as locals. However, the operation failed because local Kashmiris did not support them and alerted the Indian Army.

• Pakistani strategy aimed to incite a rebellion in Kashmir to strengthen its international stance.
• Local cooperation with Indian forces was crucial, with individuals like Mohammad Deen and Ghulam Din being recognized for their contributions.

Key Developments during the War

Indian troops captured significant positions in the Kargil sector and Haji Pir Pass, gaining a strategic upper hand by neutralizing infiltration routes and controlling vital logistics.

• Operation Grand Slam was Pakistan's countermeasure, aiming to capture Akhnoor and disrupt Indian supply lines.
• India responded by opening a new front in Pakistan’s Punjab, reaching close to Lahore, forcing Pakistan to reallocate its troops.

The Tashkent Declaration

The war concluded with the Tashkent Declaration on January 10, 1966, following a ceasefire on September 20. Both nations agreed to revert to pre-war positions.

• India held 1,920 sq km of Pakistani territory, including key areas like Sialkot and the Haji Pir Pass.
• Pakistan held 550 sq km of Indian territory but lost significant strategic grounds.
• The return of Haji Pir to Pakistan during negotiations was seen as a strategic setback for India.