Kargil War and Its Impact

The Kargil War of 1999 between India and Pakistan remains a significant event in Indian military history, marking the first ‘live televised’ conflict. It demonstrated the Indian armed forces' determination and patriotism in evicting Pakistani forces and securing a ceasefire.

• The Kargil War was a demonstration of India's conventional fighting capabilities under nuclear threat.
• The conflict emphasized the need for improved intelligence and military readiness.
• A Kargil Review Committee was established to recommend structural changes in India's defense strategy.

Lessons from Kargil

• Highlighted the intelligence failure, as no large-scale infiltration was anticipated.
• Exposed shortcomings in equipment, logistics, and high-altitude warfare readiness.
• Prompted the creation of new agencies such as the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO).
• Emphasized the need for modernizing the military and achieving self-reliance.
• Led to the development of the “Cold Start Doctrine” for rapid mobilization and swift military operations.

Terror Attacks and Response

Operation Sindoor and Pahalgam Attack

• The recent Pahalgam attack by Pakistan-based terrorists in April 2025 resulted in significant Indian military retaliation. 
• Operation Sindoor was launched, showcasing India's capability in executing precision strikes on terror bases and military assets in Pakistan.
• Operation Sindoor involved striking nine terror bases and 11 military air-bases in Pakistan.
• The operation marked a shift in India's stance, indicating a move away from restraint.

Evolution of Counter-Terrorism Strategy

• India's response to terrorism evolved after the Uri attack in 2016 with surgical strikes.
• The Balakot air strikes in 2019 demonstrated India's willingness to cross into Pakistan airspace for counter-terrorism operations.
• The Pahalgam attack has set a new threshold for India's counter-terrorism response.

India's Strategic Shifts

• The learning from past conflicts has shaped India's current military and strategic posture. 
• The focus is now on modernization and self-reliance, bolstered by initiatives like ‘Make in India.’ 
• India's military actions reflect a clear message of zero tolerance towards terrorism.
• Modern weapon platforms are being produced indigenously, enhancing India's military capabilities.
• India's firm stance post-Pahalgam indicates a no-tolerance policy for future terror threats.

Conclusion

From Kargil to Pahalgam, India has evolved significantly in terms of military strategy and counter-terrorism measures. The nation remains determined to prevent any recurrence of such events, maintaining vigilance and preparedness.