Norman Borlaug and the Green Revolution
The article discusses the contributions of Norman Borlaug, M.S. Swaminathan, and other key figures in enhancing wheat production in India during the 1960s, which played a pivotal role in achieving food self-sufficiency.
The Viksit Bharat Aspiration
The aspiration for a Viksit Bharat (Developed India) requires substantial development of scientific capabilities, particularly in the digital economy, and must be aatmanirbhar (self-reliant).
M.S. Swaminathan's Legacy
- M.S. Swaminathan was instrumental in the success of the Green Revolution, making India food self-sufficient in the 1960s.
- His achievements are celebrated in the biography M.S. Swaminathan: the Man who Fed India by Priyambada Jayakumar.
Scientific Advancements in the Green Revolution
- Key scientific advancements involved collaboration and cross-fertilization of ideas among scientists.
- The challenge was to increase wheat productivity without plants bending due to the weight of grains.
- Swaminathan's use of radiation for genetic mutation was initially unsuccessful.
- A Japanese dwarf wheat variety with a stronger stalk was discovered, which Borlaug was developing in Mexico.
Challenges and Bureaucratic Delays
- Swaminathan faced bureaucratic hurdles in inviting Borlaug to India, delaying the process by over two years.
- Highlighting the need for reduced bureaucratic controls to facilitate scientific collaboration and advancements.
Impact and Future Directions
- Successful field trials led to the import of 18,000 tonnes of seeds, despite opposition from various fronts.
- Green Revolution results were evident with a bountiful wheat harvest in 1968.
- Environmental challenges, such as water and fertilizer dependency, need addressing for sustainability.
Lessons for Scientific Development
- India must improve agricultural research funding and provide institutional autonomy to promote innovation.
- Ensuring top scientists have access to political decision-makers is vital for scientific progress.
- The legacy of M.S. Swaminathan offers valuable lessons for future scientific advancements.
