Migration: A Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Migration has been a central theme in global politics over the last decade, though it is not a recent phenomenon. Historically, migration has been a norm for humanity, with individuals migrating at various points in time. However, recent decades have seen a unique form of migration influenced by neoliberalism and globalization.
Factors Influencing Recent Migration
- Neoliberalism and Globalization:
- Post-Cold War era saw the globalization of free markets, affecting both capital and human movement.
- The rise of service economies and informational capitalism increased demand for skilled labor in developed countries.
- H1-B Program:
- Launched in 1990, it provided opportunities for skilled workers from developing countries, especially India, to work in the U.S.
- Lopsided Immigration Picture:
- The focus is often on skilled migrants from middle/upper-middle-class backgrounds in Anglophone countries.
- Significant migration also occurred to Gulf petro-states by both skilled and unskilled workers from South and Southeast Asia.
- Undocumented Migration:
- Includes migration from Central and South America to the U.S., and from North Africa to Europe, often resulting in anti-immigrant politics in the global North.
Historical Cycles of Migration
- Post-World War II, Europe required cheap labor for rebuilding, leading to migration from former colonies.
- Racist backlash occurred, leading to policies restricting mobility, similar to today's immigration cycles.
Impact of Domestic and Global Politics
- Domestic Migration:
- Hatred against migrants within countries, like UP and Bihar migrants in Punjab, parallels external migration issues.
- Global Politics:
- The logic of industrial capitalism has paradoxically increased both immigration and xenophobia.
The Future of Migration
- Current Trends:
- Countries like the U.S. are restricting migration, whereas others like Japan, with falling birth rates, are welcoming migrants.
- Challenges Ahead:
- Climate change may lead to forced migration, permanently affecting societies and economies.
