Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations
Since 1947, the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has been characterized by mutual distrust, hostility, and occasional armed clashes. This pattern has persisted through various regimes in both countries, including civilian and military rule in Pakistan and significant political transformations and turmoil in Afghanistan, such as the end of its monarchy in 1973.
Historical Background
- Afghanistan experienced a nationalist rule followed by a communist government from 1973 to 1989, which tried unsuccessfully to change Afghan society.
- From 1992 to 2001, Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war, first between the Mujahideen and later with the Taliban, who rose to power with Pakistan's help.
- The Taliban's rule was ended by a U.S. invasion in 2001 following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
- The U.S. attempted to establish an Islamic Afghan Republic, which failed to defeat the Taliban insurgence, leading to a U.S. withdrawal in August 2021.
Key Issues in Bilateral Relations
- Durand Line Dispute: Afghanistan does not recognize the Durand Line as the international border, viewing it as a historical wound dividing Pashtun tribes.
- Transit and Trade Control: Pakistan’s control over transit routes is resented by Afghanistan, especially the refusal to allow India-Afghanistan trade through Pakistan.
- Pashtun Nationalism: Historical demands for Pashtunistan, aiming to merge Pashtun regions of Pakistan with Afghanistan, have been a source of conflict.
- Indian Influence: Afghanistan’s ties with India are a constant source of tension, as Pakistan seeks to limit Kabul’s relationship with Delhi.
Pakistan's Perspective
- Pakistan feels it played a crucial role in hosting Afghan refugees and supporting the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and the U.S.
- There is a perception that Afghanistan should be grateful for Pakistan's support, which has not been reciprocated.
Afghanistan's Viewpoint
- Afghans resent Pakistan’s attempts to control and exploit them and feel that Pakistan’s policies have primarily served its own interests.
- There is a strong desire to maintain independent foreign policy choices without Pakistan’s interference.
The relationship is further complicated by the influence of the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), viewed as kin by Afghan Pashtuns, exacerbating tensions with Pakistan.
