Production Gap Report 2025 has been released by Stockholm Environment Institute, Climate Analytics, and International Institute for Sustainable Development. 

Key Highlights

• Massive Overproduction:
  • Planned fossil fuel production in 2030 will exceed levels consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C by more than 120% and to 2°C by 77%.
  • Coal remains the most misaligned, with projected 2030 global output 500 % higher than the 1.5°C pathway. 
• Fossil fuel subsidies by governments remain near record highs despite pledges to cut them.

Recently, Venezuela has begun military exercises on its Caribbean island of La Orchila as tensions soar amid US military activity in the region.

About the island

• Location -: It is located off the coast of Venezuela in the Caribbean sea , Atlantic Ocean ,that hosts a Venezuelan military base.

Recently PM laid the foundation of 2 two hydroelectric projects (Heo and Tato-I) on Siyom River, in Arunachal Pradesh, close to the border with China.

About Siyom River

• Originates from the eastern Himalayas. 
• Flows for much of its range from West to East, before joining the Siang (name used for Brahmaputra River in Arunachal Pradesh).

Astronomers have identified a tiny quasi-moon, 2025 PN7, orbiting near Earth for about 60 years.

About Quasi-Moon (a.k.a. Quasi-satellite)

• A quasi-moon is a celestial body that:
  • Orbits the Sun, appearing to travel with a planet due to a synchronized orbit.
  • Primarily influenced by the sun's gravity, not the planet.
  • Is not a true moon, as it does not directly orbit the planet.
• Astronomers have previously identified 6 known quasi-moons of Earth. 

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) inaugurated the 2nd edition of India-Brazil Cross-Incubation Programme in Agritech, known as Maitri 2.0.

About Maitri 2.0:

• It is a joint initiative, building up on Maitri 1.0, launched by ICAR to foster cooperation between Indian and Brazilian startups and innovators.
• Objectives:
  • To strengthen resilient food systems by focusing on sustainable agriculture, digital technologies, and value-chain development.
  • Provide a platform for co-incubation and cross-border startup exchanges.

Standalone primary dealers (SPD) have been authorised by the Reserve Bank of India to deal in non-deliverable rupee derivatives in the Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) market.

• SPDs are primarily NBFCs which have been granted authorisation to undertake the Primary Dealer activities in Government Securities. 

About NDF market

• The NDF market is typically an offshore market, free from regulatory control of the currency’s home monetary authority. 
  • A Non-Deliverable Forward (NDF) is a cash-settled derivative contract used to hedge on the exchange rate of currencies, particularly those with restrictions or capital controls.
• Unlike standard forward contracts, NDFs are settled in cash, typically in a freely convertible currency like the US dollar.

More than 20 people were killed in the Tirah Valley of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in an explosion.

About Tirah Valley

• Tirah is a mountainous tract in west-central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. 
• It lies on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border between the Khyber Pass and Khanki Valley.
  • Khyber Pass, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province connects Kabul with Peshawar.
• It is inhabited mainly by Afrīdī and Ōrakzay Pashtun tribes.
• The Tirah campaign (1897–98) is notable in history in which the Afrīdī rose in a jihad (holy war) against the British, captured the Khyber posts, and attacked forts near Peshawar.

ISRO chief V Narayanan reveals AI-powered Vyommitra robot which will fly in an uncrewed Gaganyaan mission this December.

About Vyommitra

• Developed by: ISRO.
• AI-enabled half-humanoid robot.
• Vyommitra is a name derived from two Sanskrit words namely, “Vyoma” (meaning Space) and “Mitra” (meaning Friend). 
• This Female Robot Astronaut is equipped with the capability to monitor Module Parameters, issue Alerts and execute Life Support operations. 
• Perform tasks such as operating six panels and responding to the queries.