RBI has identified State Bank of India, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs) in its 2025 list.

About D-SIBs

• D-SIBs are banks whose failure can severely impact the entire financial system and the national economy.
• They are considered “too big to fail” because their size, interconnectedness, and critical role in the banking sector make them essential for financial stability.
• They are identified by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) based on their systemic importance.
• Must maintain additional Common Equity Tier-1 (CET1) capital over and above regular requirements.
• They are placed in different buckets depending on how critical they are to the financial system.

Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs has notified revised definitions for Small Companies under the Companies (Specification of Definition Details) Amendment Rules, 2025.

About the Rules

• A company will qualify as a small company if
  • Paid-up capital does not exceed ₹10 crore.
  • Turnover does not exceed ₹100 crore in the previous financial year.
• Earlier, it had a paid-up share capital limit of up to ₹4 crore and a turnover limit of up to ₹40 crore.

Numaligarh Refinery Limited (NRL) has been accorded Navratna status.

• NRL was established in 1993 as a CPSE under the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
• Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) are given ratna status based on their performance and specific eligibility criteria.

Criteria for grant of Navratna Status

• CPSEs which are Miniratna I, 
• Have obtained ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ MoU rating in three of the last five years, and
• Have a composite score of 60 or above in selected performance indicators (net profit to net worth, earning per share, profit before interest and taxes to turnover, etc).

India Calls for strengthened biosecurity at 50^th Anniversary of Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

About Biological Weapons Convention

• It effectively prohibits the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological and toxin weapons. 
  • Biological weapons disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans, animals or plants. 
• It was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). 
• Parties: 189 State Parties including India. 
• Genesis: It opened for signature in 1972 and entered into force in 1975, and is a legally binding international treaty. 
• Administration: Administered by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), headquartered in Geneva.

Indian researchers discovered a massive spiral galaxy named Alaknanda using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope.

• Galaxy has two well-defined spiral arms wrapping around a bright central bulge, spanning approximately 30,000 light-years in diameter.

About Spiral Galaxy

• These galaxies resemble giant rotating pinwheels with a pancake-like disk of stars and a central bulge or tight concentration of stars.
• Spiral galaxies are surrounded by halos, mixtures of old stars, star clusters, and dark matter – invisible material that does not emit or reflect light but still has a gravitational pull on other matter.

Credit cards became the largest source of customer grievances under the Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS) in FY25.

About RB-IOS, 2021

• Objective: Provide customers of regulated entities (REs) a speedy, cost-effective and expeditious alternate grievance redress mechanism.
• Coverage:  All Commercial Banks, RRBs, NBFCs, Credit Information Companies, etc.
• Integrates three Ombudsman schemes of RBI- Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006; NBFC Ombudsman Scheme, 2018 and Ombudsman Scheme for Digital Transactions, 2019.
  • Adopted the 'One Nation One Ombudsman' approach.
• Power: The Ombudsman can award up to ₹20 lakh in compensation, plus up to ₹1 lakh for the complainant's time, expenses, and any mental distress or harassment.

Over the last few years, Southeast Asian countries like Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos have emerged as major hubs for cyber slavery.

• Cyber slavery is a form of modern-day human trafficking in which people are lured with false job offers often and then forcibly used to carry out online scams, cyber frauds, and digital crimes under threat, coercion, or confinement.

How It Works

• Deception: Victims are promised high-paying jobs abroad.
• Confiscation of documents: Passports and IDs are seized to prevent escape.
• Forced online criminal work: Victims are compelled to operate fake call centres, romance scams, cryptocurrency frauds, phishing, etc.
• Physical and psychological abuse: Workers are subjected to torture, long working hours, restricted movement, and constant surveillance.

Nagaland started celebrating its 10-day long flagship cultural event, the Hornbill Festival.

About the Festival

• Named after the hornbill, a culturally respected bird in Naga folklore.
• Held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama.
• The festival promotes inter-tribal interaction and showcases and preserve cultural heritage of Nagaland. 

About Hornbill

• Hornbills are tropical birds named for their unusually large, curved bills and a horn-like projection called casque on top of their beak. 
• Hornbills are the 'farmers of the forest' as they disperse the seeds of many tropical trees and keep the forest alive. 
• India hosts nine hornbill species including Great Hornbill, Narcondam Hornbill, Malabar Grey Hornbill etc.