The largest mountain range in Iran and Iraq, extending from the northwest of the country eastward along the border separating the Iraqi and Iranian plateau. They form a major geographical barrier and have played a role in the region's history and settlement patterns.

A mountain range located in northwestern Iraq, in the Nineveh Governorate. These mountains are a significant geographical feature and have historical and cultural importance, including being a homeland for the Yazidi people.

Two major river systems that flow through Western Asia, originating in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey and flowing southeast through Syria and Iraq, eventually joining to form the Shatt al-Arab river before emptying into the Persian Gulf. They are vital for irrigation and historical cradles of civilization.