A country that does not have territory connected to an ocean or sea. For landlocked countries, access to international trade often relies on agreements with neighboring countries for transit routes.

A geographically diverse area situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It is often considered a transcontinental region, bridging Eastern Europe and Western Asia, and is known for its varied ethnic groups, languages, and geopolitical significance.

An ethnic Armenian enclave within Azerbaijan, which has been a significant source of conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan since 1988. Its status and control have been a major geopolitical issue in the region.