Also known as the Empty Quarter, it is the largest continuous sand desert in the world, located in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, covering parts of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Its vastness and extreme environment present significant geographical and logistical challenges.

The Gulf Cooperation Council, an alliance of six Middle Eastern countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE). These countries are significant suppliers of urea to India due to their abundant natural gas resources, a key feedstock for fertilizer production.

A vital international waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. It is a critical chokepoint for global oil transport, with approximately 20% of the world's oil passing through it annually.