Achieving a Net-Zero Economy
The transition to a net-zero economy necessitates the electrification of energy end-uses and the extensive use of hydrogen for industrial processes. This involves significant changes in energy production and consumption.
Role of Hydrogen and Nuclear Power
- Hydrogen Substitution:
- In the steel industry, hydrogen can replace carbon for reducing iron ore.
- Hydrogen from natural gas is crucial in making ammonia for fertilizers.
- Nuclear Energy:
- India aims for 100 GW of nuclear power by 2047.
- The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) plans multiple Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), including Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs).
Electricity Demand and Sources
- Increasing Electricity Demand: Electrification will cause a steep increase in demand.
- Energy Mix: Solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear are key, with nuclear necessary for base load.
Challenges and Solutions
- Flexing Power Plants:
- Coal-fired plants currently flex for balance.
- Flexing nuclear plants is not cost-effective due to high capital costs.
- Electrolysers and Storage:
- Using surplus electricity for hydrogen production via electrolysers avoids the need to flex nuclear plants.
- Electrolysers are low-cost and can be operated at varying power levels.
Green Hydrogen and Policy Recommendations
- Green Hydrogen Definition: Hydrogen from solar and wind electricity, with incentives and certification, is defined as green if CO2 emissions do not exceed 2 kg CO2/kg H2.
- Policy Changes Suggested:
- Change taxonomy from green to low-carbon hydrogen to include nuclear.
- Synergize hydrogen production and electricity storage to improve economics.
