Exemption of Coal-Fired Plants from FGD Installation
The Environment Ministry's recent decision exempts most of India's coal-fired plants from mandatorily installing Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems, which are essential for reducing sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions.
Background and Statistics
- In 2015, all coal-fired plants were mandated to install FGDs.
- Currently, there are approximately 180 coal-fired plants with 600 units.
- Only about 8% of these units have installed FGD systems, primarily by the public-sector National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Concerns
SO2 is monitored by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) due to its harmful effects at high exposure levels. It can also form sulphates in the air, contributing to particulate matter pollution.
Reasons for Exemption
- India's average ground-level SO2 measurements are below permissible levels.
- Limited number of vendors for FGD systems in India.
- High installation costs and potential rise in electricity bills.
- Disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Expert Committee Findings
- Indian coal is low in sulphur content.
- SO2 levels in cities near plants with FGDs are similar to those without, staying below permissible levels.
- Concerns about sulphates are deemed unfounded.
- Sulphates may suppress warming from greenhouse gases, aligning with India's climate goals.
Current and Future Standards
- About 20% of plants, especially those near the NCR, in populous cities, or pollution hotspots, must install FGDs by 2028.
- The exemption highlights a location-based criterion rather than the actual effectiveness or harm of SO2.
Concerns and Recommendations
This decision represents an unorthodox approach with varying environmental standards across India. Revising understandings of substance harms or benefits should involve public debate to uphold India's commitment to scientifically informed public health policies.