Constitution Day is celebrated every year (since 2015) on November 26 to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India on 26 November 1949.

• Constitution became effective on 26 January 1950, observed as Republic Day.

What makes Indian Constitution so resilient?

• Rights:
  • Group-differentiated and affirmative rights to address historical inequalities e.g., reservations.
  • Proactive equality measures like Articles 15(2), 17, and 23 that curb discrimination from both state and private actors.
• Independent Institutions: E.g. Supreme Court, Election Commission, CAG, etc. to keep check on powers of Legislature and Executive.
• Constant Evolution: E.g. one-third reservation to women in legislature (106^th Amendment).

Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) paid homage to martyrs of Operation Pawan for the first time.

About Operation Pawan

• It was launched in 1987 by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) after the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987.
• Purpose: To disarm militant groups, particularly the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka.

India - Nepal Joint Exercise Surya Kiran XIX – 2025 will be held from 25 November to 08 December 2025 at Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand.

About Exercise Surya Kiran

• It is a joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the Nepal Army being held since 2011.
• Objective: to jointly train for Sub-Conventional Operations focusing on Counter-Terrorism, Jungle Warfare, Mountain Warfare, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR), etc.

A year has passed since the country’s first 24x7 open and networked (ON) court was set up in Kerala’s Kollam district by the High Court of Kerala.

About ON Court

• The ON Court allows cases to be filed at any time of the day.
• The ON Court functions entirely online, allowing e-filing, digital document verification, SMS/email summons, virtual hearings, and real-time updates for lawyers and litigants.
• Significance: Compared to physical courts where such cases take years, the ON Court disposes cases in about 140 days, improving efficiency, reducing paperwork, and enhancing access to justice.

Union Minister launches Nayi Chetna 4.0 - National Campaign on Gender Equality and Women Empowerment.

About Nayi Chetna 4.0

• It is a month-long campaign by Ministry of Rural Development under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
  • Involves SHG participation and convergence of 11 Ministries.
• Aim: To strengthen community action against gender-based violence and promote women’s safety, dignity, and economic empowerment across rural India.
• Focus areas:
  • Enabling safe mobility.
  • Recognising women as key economic contributors.
  • Addressing unpaid care work through shared community responsibility. 
  • Enhance women's access to assets, credit, skills, and markets to expand entrepreneurship and livelihood opportunities.

NOAA and NASA have ranked the ozone hole in 2025 over Antarctica as the fifth smallest since 1992.

About Ozone 

• The ozone layer shields life from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. 
• Location: Stratosphere (between 15 and 35 kilometers above the Earth’s surface). 
• Ozone depletion process starts when human-made compounds containing chlorine and bromine rise high into the stratosphere.
  • Reduced ozone allows more UV rays to reach the surface, resulting in crop damage, increased cases of skin cancer and cataracts etc.
• As part of 1987 Montreal Protocol, countries agreed to replace ozone-depleting substances with less harmful alternatives.

There is a rise in hotspots where mule accounts are being used to undertake cyber frauds. E.g. Jamtara (Jharkhand), Nuh (Haryana).

• Around 8.5 Lakh Mule Accounts in more than 700 Branches were detected under Operation Chakra-V of the CBI to crack down cyber frauds.

About Mule Accounts

• They are bank accounts used by criminals for laundering illicit funds with/without the knowledge of the account holder.
• Mule accounts mask the identity and origin of illegally obtained money, making it difficult for authorities to trace the actual source of funds. 
• RBI developed MuleHunter.AI, an AI-based mule account detection tool for real-time monitoring.