GPS Interference: Impacts and Mitigation

What is GPS Interference?

GPS interference involves deliberate cyber-attacks such as spoofing and jamming on Global Positioning System signals, crucial for navigation.

• GPS Jamming: A device emits strong radio signals to overpower GPS frequencies, disrupting GPS systems and rendering receivers ineffective in determining location or time.
• GPS Spoofing: A device transmits signals on GPS satellite frequencies, deceiving the receiver with false data instead of just disrupting the signals.

Why is GPS Interference Dangerous?

It poses risks to military and civilian transport, leading to potential collisions or operational disruptions without direct confrontation.

• In 2024, there were up to 700 daily GPS spoofing incidents globally.
• For ships, loss of situational awareness could cause groundings or collisions.
• For critical infrastructure like air traffic control, port operations, and vessel traffic systems, spoofing can lead to systemic failures.

Common Areas of GPS Interference

Interference often occurs due to deliberate actions or atmospheric/environmental conditions.

• Countries involved in conflict often experience interference, affecting civilian vessels nearby.
• Significant increases in spoofing incidents have been recorded in the Red Sea and Eastern Europe.
• Russia experienced a large-scale GPS spoofing attack in 2017, impacting over 20 ships.

Mitigation of GPS Interference for Ships and Aircraft

Alternative navigation systems and practices are crucial when GPS interference is detected.

• Aircraft: 
  • Use of Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), and Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).
  • DGCA emphasizes enhanced crew training and vigilance.
• Ships: 
  • Manual helm control and terrestrial navigation are employed during suspected spoofing.
  • Adoption of multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) systems.

India's Response: The NavIC System

India has developed the Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), designed for precise positioning and timing services.

• NavIC was developed following instances where the US denied GPS access during critical times, emphasizing self-reliance.
• NavIC's efficacy was demonstrated during Operation Sindhoor.