Strategic Autonomy in International Relations

The concept of strategic autonomy has evolved from an academic debate to a central theme in India's foreign policy. It implies a nation's ability to make sovereign decisions in foreign policy and defense without external constraints, distinct from isolationism or neutrality. Strategic autonomy embodies flexibility and independence in engaging with multiple powers on one's terms.

Historical Context and India’s Position

India’s pursuit of strategic autonomy is rooted in its colonial past and the desire to maintain sovereignty in global affairs. From Nehru’s non-alignment to the Modi government’s “multi-alignment,” India has consistently adapted its strategies to evolving geopolitical realities, maintaining freedom of action while engaging with major global powers.

Global Landscape and Challenges

The shift from a unipolar to a multipolar world presents both opportunities and challenges for India. The rise of China, Russia's assertiveness, and the West’s internal divisions create a complex environment for India’s strategic autonomy.

India-U.S. Relations

• Deepened cooperation over the past two decades in defense, intelligence, and technology.
• Key initiatives include the Quad grouping and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
• Challenges include trade tensions and U.S. pressure to reduce ties with Russia.
• India maintains independent stances, focusing on national interests over ideological alignment.

India-China Dynamics

• The 2020 border clashes heightened tensions between India and China.
• China remains a key trading partner, necessitating cautious engagement and firm deterrence.
• India strengthens ties with Indo-Pacific partners while participating in multilateral forums with China.
• Strategic autonomy involves balancing confrontation with diplomacy and economic engagement.

India-Russia Relations

• Strong historical ties and defense cooperation, despite Russia's closer relations with China.
• India continues to engage with Russia, balancing military imports with indigenous production.
• Strategic autonomy allows India to craft policies reflecting its unique geography and history without external pressure.

India’s Role as a Global Leader

During India’s G-20 presidency in 2023, Prime Minister Modi emphasized India’s position as the voice of the Global South, focusing on pluralism and democracy. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar advocates for interest-based partnerships over inherited biases, resonating with many rising powers prioritizing their geopolitical interests.

Challenges to Strategic Autonomy

• Global interdependence in the economy and technological domains.
• Domestic challenges such as political polarization and economic vulnerabilities.
• The need for economic strength, technological capability, and political coherence.
• Extending autonomy to cyber, AI, and space domains, ensuring data sovereignty and digital infrastructure security.

Conclusion

Strategic autonomy is not isolation but resilience. It requires India to engage globally, balancing partnerships while asserting its interests. India's rise is civilisational and plural, striving to reclaim agency in a shifting global order. Strategic autonomy involves navigating global challenges without losing direction, standing tall with clarity and confidence.

Authored by Shashi Tharoor, a Member of Parliament and Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs.