Challenges Faced by Rubber Plantations in Kerala

Rubber plantations in Kerala are under threat from a beetle-fungus alliance that attacks the trees, leading to severe leaf fall and drying. The parasite involved is identified as the ambrosia beetle (Euplatypus parallelus).

Ambrosia Beetle and Fungus Association

• Researchers identified a mutualistic relationship between the beetle and two fungal species: Fusarium ambrosia and Fusarium solani.
• The beetles, native to Central and South America, were first reported in India in 2012 in Goa.
• The beetles attack stressed trees that release ethanol, a compound they can detect.

Impact on Rubber Trees

• Causes severe leaf fall and trunk drying, reducing latex production and causing economic losses.
• The fungi release enzymes that weaken wood, allowing deeper beetle penetration.

Management and Control Measures

• Use of antifungal agents and removal of infected tree parts.
• Preventive measures include traps for ambrosia beetles and chipping away affected parts.

Broader Ecological and Economic Threats

• Invasive beetle species pose a threat to horticulture and silviculture globally.
• Potential association with other pathogenic fungi increases risks for plantations and ecosystems.
• Fusaria fungi are opportunistic pathogens, posing health risks to humans and animals.

Recommendations

• Need for action plans to prevent further attacks and manage infections.
• Recommendations include sustainable treatments like antagonistic fungi and microbial consortia.
• Management strategies should be tailored to the geographic location of the plantations.

India's significant role as a rubber producer, with Kerala being a key cultivation area, underscores the importance of addressing these challenges effectively.