Adoption of Kazan Declaration: “Kazan Declaration: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security” was adopted.
Extend full support to Brazil for its BRICS Chairship in 2025 and the holding of the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil.

About BRICS

Genesis: British economist Jim O’ Neill in 2001 coined acronym ‘BRICs’ representing the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
- BRIC started functioning as a formal grouping on the margins of G8 Outreach Summit in 2006. 1st BRIC Summit was held in Russia in 2009. BRIC became BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa in 2010.

A diagram illustrating the three pillars of cooperation within the BRICS group of nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The pillars are: Political and Security Cooperation, symbolized by a government building icon. Economic and Financial Cooperation, represented by a money bag and graph icon. Cultural and People-to-People Cooperation, depicted by a handshake icon.

Members (10):
- Initial 5 members (BRICS): Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and
- 5 new members (BRICS+): Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
It represents:
- 45% of the world's population.
- 37.3% of world GDP (compared to EU’s 14.5 % and the G7’s 29.3%)

A diagram illustrating the reasons for collaboration among BRICS member nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The reasons are: Size and Challenges: BRICS countries are large in both land area and population, and they share similar economic and social challenges. Economic Collaboration: The countries aim to utilize their untapped economic potential through collaboration to boost their economies. Global Infrastructure: BRICS nations seek to create alternative global infrastructure in economic and financial fields, reducing dependence on traditional Western-dominated systems. Regional Market Exploration: BRICS countries view themselves as gateways to their respective macro-regions, aiming to explore and expand markets within their regions.

Key Initiatives of BRICS

Area	Initiatives
Financial	New Development Bank(NDB) headquartered in Shanghai (2014): Aims to provide financial resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS & other developing countries. It has an equal distribution of voting shares among BRICS founding members. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): A financial safety net to provide short-term liquidity support to member countries facing balance of payments difficulties. BRICS Cross-Border Payments Initiative (BCBPI) or BRICS Pay: BRICS Pay is a payment service built on blockchain technology for making settlements between member states and provide an alternative to existing global financial infrastructure dominated by Western systems like SWIFT. BRICS Grain Exchange: A Russian initiative to establish a grain (commodities) trading platform within BRICS to “develop a fair agricultural trading system.” BRICS Clear Depositary: It is a cross-border payment settlement and depositary infrastructure.
Voice to Global South	“BRICS Plus” Dialogue: The dialogue was hosted with emerging markets and developing countries from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East with motto "BRICS and Global South: Building a Better World Together.” Endorsed ‘BRICS Partner Country’: This new category’ added 13 new partner countries, including Cuba, Turkey, and Vietnam.
Security	BRICS Rapid Information Security Channel: Promotes exchange of information on cyber threats among their central banks. In its 14^th summit in 2022, BRICS called for finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism within the UN framework
S&T	BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation: Enhancing cooperation in space technology & remote sensing. BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Framework Programme (2015): To support excellent research on priority areas which can best be addressed by a multinational approach. Recent Summit supported BRICS R&D Vaccine Center & BRICS Integrated Early Warning System for preventing mass infectious diseases risks.

Relevance of BRICS in contemporary world

Energy Security: With Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE as members, BRICS countries produce about 44% of the world's crude oil.
Voice for global south: BRICS acts as a platform for India to raise concerns and advocate for the rights of developing countries acting as a leader of global south on issues such as terrorism, climate change.
Safe space for dialogue: BRICS provides neutral platform for India to engage in dialogue and manage potential rivalries, even during times of bilateral tensions (India-China Doklam standoff).
Boosting multilateral reform demands: It allows India to push for reforms in institutions such as UNSC and WTO for ensuring equitable global order.
- With the exception of Ethiopia and Iran, all BRICS+ countries are WTO members.

Challenges associated with BRICS

The formation of BRICS was rooted in the long-term common economic interests of the member countries, but it has yet to reach its full potential due to various challenges, including:

Underutilisation of Economic Potential: For example,
- Intra-BRICS Trade: While BRICS countries collectively account for 18% of global trade, intra-BRICS trade remains low at just 2.2% (as of 2022). Geographical separation and dominance of China in trade is a key issue.
- BRICS Credit Rating Agency (CrRA): It was proposed in 2018 but was not taken up due to a lack of consensus among members.
- Dedollarisation: Some members like Iran, Russia, and China, now trade in their own currencies. Although there's talk of a common BRICS+ currency, experts see this as unlikely, especially with the group’s recent expansion.
Inability to create alternative Global Financial Institutions: NDB lacks the funds needed to match the reach and impact of the World Bank and IMF or the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) which was initiated by China in 2013.
- Unlike the AIIB, which co-finances projects with the World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc. the NDB has limited partnerships and co-financing arrangements.
Inability to influence Global Institutions: For example, BRICS+ countries collectively hold only about 19% of voting power within the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), compared to about 40% held by G7 countries and about 23% by EU-27 nations.
- On the other hand, India and Brazil were the largest recipients of IBRD loans in 2023, yet contributed just 5 % of the capital. This imbalance undermines BRICS+ efforts to influence international financial standards and policies.
Inability to stand as a cohesive block: Geopolitical rivalries exist between BRICS members such as between India and China or Saudi Arabia and Iran which limit the group’s ability to function as a unified entity on global issues.
Member economies are no longer booming: For example, China is struggling from economic slowdown whereas Russia has been in decline for years and the ongoing war will enfeeble it further.
- South Africa also remains saddled with high unemployment and profound governance and fiscal challenges.
Perception of being an Anti-West organisation potentially limiting cooperation in areas of shared interest such as climate change, trade, and global security.
Existence of similar groupings: For example, Unlike BRICS, which includes a diverse range of political systems, IBSA consists of democracies that may find it easier to establish a shared agenda and foster cooperation.
- Similarly, BASIC is also considered to be more cohesive group than BRICS.

About IBSA

The IBSA Dialogue Forum was established in 2003 by India, Brazil and South Africa to address global governance reforms, WTO negotiations, climate change and terrorism, based on shared values and goals for global institutional responsibility.
Achievements
- Development Assistance: The IBSA facility for poverty and hunger alleviation (IBSA Fund) has supported various development projects in more than 30 countries for fighting against poverty and hunger in the Global South.
- Defence Cooperation: A joint naval exercise IBSAMAR is carried out between member countries.
- Partnerships in key areas: E.g., IBSA Educational Program to promote professional knowledge in the field of Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology, IBSA Science, Technology, and Innovation Partnership to foster research collaboration, etc.

About BASIC

BASIC, comprising Brazil, South Africa, India and China, was formed in 2009 to address climate issues in alignment with G77 and developing countries' interests.
Member countries put together has one-third of the world’s geographical area and nearly 40% of the world’s population
Achievements
- Unified Stance on Climate Change: BASIC countries emphasizes that the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDRRC) must be at the centre of the Global Stocktake.
- Copenhagen Accord: The BASIC group was instrumental in the negotiations leading to the Copenhagen Accord, which included voluntary emission reduction pledges from major economies for the first time.
- Promoting South-South Cooperation: They are committed to sharing best practices and supporting each other through south-south cooperation as they further develop their domestic climate policies and actions.

Way Forward

Develop Clear and Shared Vision: Outlining long-term goals and objectives will help align diverse interests of member states and foster a sense of unity. Setting up of a permanent secretariat is also needed.
- Such vision should facilitate the larger BRICS to challenge the dominance of existing global institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, that are strongly influenced by the West.
Defining membership criteria: Advocating a clear membership criterion for BRICS will help ease India’s concerns about who could be future members of the BRICS.
Consensus-Building: Prioritize diplomacy and dialogue to resolve differences and build consensus among member states.
Enhanced Institutional Capacity: Strengthen the institutional capacity of BRICS+ to support its operations and making its initiatives including NDB, BRICS-Pay etc. more effective.
Checking Chinese influence: India needs to balance the strategic influence that China exerts in the BRICS grouping with its economic diplomacy and its relations with Russia and Iran.

Conclusion

The success of BRICS+ will depend on how well members overcome internal differences, find common ground, and leverage their strengths. While expansion offers more greater representation in global governance, realizing its potential will require strong cooperation and effort.