S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (under Department of Science and Technology) is celebrating the centenary of Bose's colossal work in theoretical physics to honour the great scientist.
In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose proposed a new approach to understand the behaviour of particles or photons, based on quantum theory.
- His collaboration with the Albert Einstein eventually led to postulation of B-E statistics.

About Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974)

Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist renowned for developing the theory of Bose–Einstein Statistics and the concept of the Bose–Einstein Condensate.
He hailed from the Nadia district in West Bengal.
Bose pursued his education at Presidency College, Kolkata, where he studied under prominent teachers like Prafulla Chandra Ray and Jagadish Chandra Bose.
He served in the Physics Departments of both the University of Calcutta and Dacca University.

Scientific Contributions of S. N. Bose

Bose-Einstein Statistics: It describe how a collection of non-interacting and indistinguishable particles distribute themselves among a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibrium.
- Basically, it provides a framework for understanding how these particles distribute themselves among available quantum states at different energy levels, particularly at low temperatures.
- The statistics was extended to gas molecules by Einstein and Particles which obey B–E statistics principle are referred as "Bosons", named after S. N Bose.
  - Bosons are fundamental articles that have integer values of spin(0, 1, 2, etc.). E.g. Photon, Gluon, etc.
- Bose-Einstein statistics predict phenomena such as:

Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC): At extremely low temperatures, a large fraction of bosons can occupy the same lowest-energy quantum state, forming a unique state of matter (e.g., superfluid helium or ultracold atomic gases).
Enabled first Quantum revolution in 20^th century which helped in development of technologies such as lasers, the transistor, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and semiconductors.
- Second revolution is defined by developments in technologies like quantum computing and quantum sensing, etc.
Photon Behavior: The statistical rules explain blackbody radiation and the Planck distribution of energy, leading to the development of quantum mechanics.
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC): It is a quantum phenomenon predicted by Bose and Einstein (1925).
- It is a state of matter created when particles are cooled to near absolute zero (-273.15 degrees Celsius/0 Kelvin).
- All the atoms become a single entity at this point, and possess quantum properties, wherein each particle together functions as a wave of matter.
- Referred to as the 'fifth state of matter'
- Properties of BEC include:
  - Super fluidity: BEC has zero viscosity and can flow without resistance.
  - Super conductivity: The zero resistance leads to optimal conductivity.
  - Coherence: All particles in the BEC are in the same quantum state behaving as a single entity.
  - Macroscopic Occupation: In a BEC, a number of particles occupy a same quantum state, leading to a macroscopic wave function.
  - Super solid: Scientists have observed that BECs form high density 'droplets' that repel each other. When placed under certain conditions, including a trap, these droplets arrange themselves in an ordered lattice.
  - A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) exists at higher temperatures also in materials hosting bosonic quasiparticles such as magnons, excitons and polaritons.

Organic chemistry: X-ray diffraction methods and the differential thermal analysis were employed in order to understand the atomic structure of common clay minerals.
Thermoluminescence: He designed a rapid scanning spectrophotometer of comparatively high sensitivity to meet the requirements of the experimental workers in this field.
Discovery of GOD Particle: The Higgs Boson, also known as the God Particle, was discovered using scientific principles rooted in Bose-Einstein statistics and the concept of BEC.
- The God Particle originates from an invisible field (Higgs Field) that permeates all space, imparting mass to particles. Even when the universe appears empty, this field exists.